music in philadelphia

In 1979, Pope John Paul II visited Philadelphia and celebrated a public outdoor mass for 1.2 million on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway on October 3, 1979. Online; Mon, Mar 08 Healing From the Inside Out Panel. Rayner Taylor, Alexander Reinagle and Benjamin Carr were the leading figures in the city's musical life around the turn of the 18th century. The Academy of Music, also known as American Academy of Music, is a concert hall and opera house located at 240 S. Broad Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the second half of the 19th century, two additional opera houses were opened: the Chestnut Street Opera House (1885) and the Grand Opera House (1888). PHILADELPHIA (CBS) – As we celebrate Black History Month, today we highlight a Philadelphia music legend. The most influential of these performers, however, was Patti LaBelle, who became a major pop singer in the 1970s. The city spawned some of early rock's best-known vocalists during the fifties and early sixties, including Chubby Checker, Frankie Avalon, Jimmy Darren, Mario Lanza, Fabian Forte, and Bobby Rydell. In order to reserve as much of the budget for the interior as possible, the architects designed a relatively plain brick and brownstone exterior that could be clad in marble if funds became available later. The city's early 20th century mainstream dance scene was led by the bandleader Howard Lanin, whose band performed popular showtunes, waltzes and light jazz.[30][31]. [24] Still flourishing are Mendelssohn Club of Philadelphia (1874), Singing City (1947), the Philadelphia Choral Arts Society (1982) and VoxAmaDeus (1989). Several notable local choruses existed in the city during the 20th century. This period was explored to some extent in a network television drama set in South Philadelphia, American Dreams. A School District of Philadelphia student released music on YouTube. 92.5 XTU Offices Closed: The office is closed until further notice due to the coronavirus outbreak. Moloney was from County Limerick, and was a musician both in Limerick and in Dublin, playing the banjo and singing; he was also a member of the popular folk group The Johnstons. The Philadelphia Opera House was built over the course of just a few months in 1908 by impresario Oscar Hammerstein I. The center is also home to the Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia, Philadanco and the Philadelphia Chamber Music Society (PCMS). Its hosts include such notables as Bob Perkins, Jeff Duperon, and Harrison Ridley Jr.. Gamble and Huff were architects of the Philadelphia sound in soul music, beginning with their 1967 hit for The Soul Survivors' "Expressway to Your Heart". Shrier, Mickey Roker, Donald Bailey, Victor Bailey, Thornel Schwartz, Bootsie Barnes, Bobby Timmons, Spanky DeBrest, Sam Dockery, Wayne Dockery, Richard Grossman, Sonny Fortune, Tyrone Brown, Charles Fambrough, Gerald Veasley, Earl Grubbs, Carl Grubbs, Sam Reed, Tom Darnell, Jimmy Vass, Archie Shepp, Sunny Murray, Rashied Ali, and Buddy Delco. [8] Also of note is the Philadelphia Youth Orchestra, one of the most highly regarded children's groups in the United States, having performed worldwide since forming in 1939. In the early years of rock and roll, a number of South Philadelphia-born popular vocalists made Philadelphia and popular music virtually synonymous, including Chubby Checker, Frankie Avalon, and Bobby Rydell. Musicians from popular bands such as Clap Your Hands Say Yeah and The Walkmen are also from Philadelphia. These men had emigrated from England and were active as performers, composers, conductors, teachers and concert managers. Philadelphia's famous 1950s performers also included Danny & the Juniors, a doo wop group. Music Education* Musical Theater *Students who complete the Art Education or Music Education minor may also be eligible to complete the Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) in just one additional year. The Curtis Institute of Music on Rittenhouse Square, founded in 1924 by Curtis Publishing Company heiress Mary Louise Curtis Bok, has trained many of the world's best-known and respected American composers and performers, including Leonard Bernstein and Samuel Barber during the 20th century and current stars Juan Diego Flórez, Alan Gilbert, Hilary Hahn, Jennifer Higdon, and Lang Lang. Several famous and successful composers live in Philadelphia, including Jennifer Higdon. The Academy has been in continuous use since 1857, hosting many world-famous performers, conductors and composers, and a significant number of American premieres of works in the standard operatic and classical repertoire. Philadelphia's mid-20th century jazz heritage includes an important role in the development of bebop, a style most closely associated with New York. Two of the most important were the Italian jazz instrumentalists Eddie Lang and Joe Venuti, the latter of whom became known as the "Mad Fiddler from Philly". Philadelphia has a thriving jazz and cabaret scene, largely due to the efforts of the John W. Coltrane Cultural Society, which honors local jazz legend John Coltrane and helps to promote jazz in the city. The Philadelphia String Quartet, made up of members of the Philadelphia Orchestra, was formed in 1959 and in 1967 became the quartet-in-residence at University of Washington. That same year, it was fitted with an electric-powered winch. In the early 1970s, Philly soul broke through with its most popular recordings of the era. Philadelphia became a regional center for Italian music and also produced a number of well-regarded Irish musicians and groups. DJ clubs include Fluid, Shampoo and Transit, while the city's most prominent DJs include Rob Paine, Tom Colontonio, Willyum, Bryon Stout, LickAshot, Roland Riso, Sat-One, DJ Smoove, and Robbie Tronco.[42]. The latter became the 'theme song' of the Mummers, who established clubs and formally inaugurated the annual tradition in 1901 of dressing in extravagant costumes and parading on New Year's Day while performing on banjos, guitars, saxophones and glockenspiels. German immigrants who began arriving in the city around 1700 brought musical instruments with them, built organs, and composed hymns. [15] After some remodeling in the mid-1950s that included concrete under the stage to support a pipe organ, Ormandy refused to make recordings with the Philadelphia Orchestra in the Academy. Innovations in classical music, opera, R&B, jazz and soul have earned the music of Philadelphia national and international renown. In 2010 Bryon Stout launched Philadelphia's first successful house music internet radio station, Deephouselounge.com. It had the best opera and theater scene in the United States during the latter half of the 18th century. The station streams 24/7 around the world with live broadcasts daily. The Academy of Music, also known as American Academy of Music, is a concert hall and opera house located at 240 S. Broad Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Its location is between Locust and Manning Streets in the Avenue of the Arts area of Center City.. WXPN provides an unparalleled musical listening experience featuring contemporary music from many genres including rock, indie, folk, blues, R&B, and alt country. Philadelphia Music Legend Kathy Sledge Talks About Her Deep Roots In Music, How The Pandemic Has Helped Her Evolve. [35], Philadelphia's 1950s-era musical output included the rock pioneer Bill Haley from Chester, Pennsylvania and the rockabilly musician Charlie Gracie. The Mummers' string band is a large group of several dozen musicians who play banjos, violins, bass viols, glockenspiels, bells, accordions, saxophones and drums in an "old-fashioned, tinny sound approximating the popular music of 1900 and earlier".[13]. [38], R&B and soul-oriented indie labels in the 1960s included Phil-LA and Arctic Records, where the songwriting and producing team of Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff began their careers. He is co-founder of the Irish music band Solas, and he co-wrote Sarah McLachlan's hit song "I Will Remember You", featured in the soundtrack for the film The Brothers McMullen, for which Egan also provided the score. The building seated nearly 2000 people, and its design was based on the Theatre Royal, Bath in England. Tindley composed most of his works between 1901 and 1906, and was known for his booming preaching style.[27]. [9] The heat produced by the original gas fixtures helped to ventilate the hall by causing air to rise to various vents along the back walls and in the center of the ceiling. Punk band Pure Hell formed in the 1970s. Also in the realm of serious music was the founding in 1924 of the classical conservatory, the Curtis Institute of Music, by Mary Louise Curtis Bok, daughter of Curtis Publishing Company founder Cyrus H.K. The Association runs a Latin School of Arts, which features teachers like Elio Villafranca and Pablo Batista. The city's large German population supported several singing societies. [17], Philadelphia's African American musical heritage dates back to colonial times, and gained some national and international renown beginning with Frank Johnson, who settled in Philadelphia around 1809. It was the principal concert hall in Philadelphia until the opening of the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts in 2001. Enjoy a host of concerts illuminated by candlelight and performed by live musicians in some of the most iconic venues in Philadelphia. Philadelphia's gospel heritage stretches back to Charles Albert Tindley, a local reverend,[26] who composed many important hymns. The list of artists who have performed at the Academy of Music, from the 20th century, includes such figures as Marian Anderson, Maria Callas, Enrico Caruso, Aaron Copland, Vladimir Horowitz, Gustav Mahler, Anna Pavlova, Edith Piaf, Luciano Pavarotti, Tony Bennett (in 1962), Itzhak Perlman, Leontyne Price, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Artur Rubinstein, Isaac Stern, Richard Strauss, Igor Stravinsky, Joan Sutherland, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, among many others. [3] Established in 1976 as the Robin Hood Dell West, the Mann Center is the summer performance space for the Philadelphia Orchestra. The local minstrel performer James A. Carr's 1805 work introduced "O Sanctissima" and "Adeste Fideles" to American Catholics. It previously required 12 people working four-hours to lower it by hand. Join us on Sunday, March 7th at 1 PM on WRTI 90.1, and Monday, March 8th at 7 PM on WRTI HD-2 for a concert that takes us back to November, 2011, when then-Music Director Designate Yannick Nézet-Séguin was appearing with greater frequency in Philadelphia, winning over the hearts of the Orchestra as well as Verizon Hall audiences. Under the direction of Stokowski and Ormandy, the Philadelphia Orchestra produced several well-known recordings in the 20th century, including the 1940 score for the Disney film Fantasia, and the Orchestra under the flamboyant "Stokie" with his gift for self-promotion pursued an ambitious schedule of national and international tours, becoming the template for the modern classical orchestra in the 20th century. Montani also created a list of music that did and did not meet the standards put forth by Motu Proprio, in the process banning or altering well-known works by composers ranging from Franz Schubert and Gioacchino Rossini to Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In fact, without a single concession, the scale and quality of the series is unlike anything else in the country. Sponsored By. [20] Philadelphia saw the première in 1845 of the first American grand opera, Leonora by composer and music journalist of the National Gazette and the Public Ledger, William Henry Fry. The city's most senior venue is the famed Academy of Music.Established in 1857, the Academy is the longest continuously operating opera house in the United States that is still being used for its original purpose. Other important early choruses were the Abt Male Chorus, led successively by Michael Cross and Hugh Archibald Clarke, and the Eurydice Chorus (1886–1918). It is wonderful at that! Curtis has trained some of the world's best-known composers and musicians, including Samuel Barber, Gian Carlo Menotti, Leonard Bernstein, and pianists Abbey Simon, Walter Hautzig, Richard Goode, Susan Starr and Peter Serkin as well as current international performers including David Hayes, Juan Diego Flórez, Alan Gilbert, Hilary Hahn, Lang Lang and Vinson Cole. The Orchestra was initially led by Fritz Scheel; in 1907, Karl Pohlig took up its baton. The Philadelphia Céilí Group is a prominent local organization that promotes Irish music, and runs a festival, which the Group claims is among the oldest continuous Irish traditional festivals in the United States. Kelpius has been said to be the composer of certain hymn tunes, although music historian Gilbert Chase doubts that he wrote the music, much of which, Chase claims, "is taken from readily identifiable German sources". The auditorium is enclosed by a solid three-foot brick wall with studding and pine boards lining the inner sides to prevent echoes and absorb sound. Its organ was built in 1904, designed by organ architect George Ashdown Audsley. With the inauguration of the Musical Fund Society in 1820, musical activity in Philadelphia greatly increased. Philadelphia's diverse ethnic groups have established several organizations that promote their musical styles, including the Asian Arts Initiative and the Latin American Musicians Association (AMLA). Many bands call Philadelphia home, and the area is constantly highly regarded by rock bands and artists. Although the principal repertory was from London, several composers who lived in Philadelphia wrote original operas; among the most successful were Carr's The Archers (1796), Reinagle's The Volunteers (1795), and Taylor's The Aethiop (1814). As a result, much of the city's early music history is tied to sacred music from a variety of different religious traditions. [citation needed] In addition, parts of Martin Scorsese's 1993 film The Age of Innocence were filmed in the Academy. The Standard Theatre and Dunbar Theatre (later renamed the Lincoln Theater) were important venues for jazz in the early 20th century, when most major performers stopped in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and New York. It was Schoolly D, however, who first put Philadelphia on the hip hop map and made Philadelphia "the spawning ground for a whole new direction in rap music". Music. Categories: News, Music, Local News, KYWTV, Top Story. The Met continued to perform annually in Philadelphia for nearly eighty years, taking the entire company to the city on selected Tuesday nights throughout the opera season. The conductor and impresario Theodore Thomas also presented one or two concert series each season between 1864 and 1891. The city's German immigrants were particularly influential in establishing a vibrant musical culture among Protestant churches and in the field of music publishing during the first half of the 18th century. These have since been removed and boxes created elsewhere. More recently, Philadelphia is still home to sultry neo-soul sounds with vocalists such as Rosa Nice, who has worked with legendary producer Pop Traxx, also known as Leon Huff Jr., to top the Philadelphia independent music charts. Major girl group-oriented acts included Brenda & the Tabulations, with their string-dominated doo wop hit "Dry Your Eyes", Barbara Mason's sultry vocals on "Yes, I'm Ready" and Claudine Clark's "raucous" sound. The Academy of Music is the oldest existing opera house in the United States and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963; it remains the principal opera house for the city and is the home of the Pennsylvania Ballet. It was also home to the Philadelphia Orchestra from its inception in 1900 until 2001, when the orchestra moved to the new Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts. Some modern churches in the city use instruments ranging from electric organs and guitars to keyboards, saxophones and marimbas. We specialize in working with preschools, libraries, summer camps, and elementary schools. Riccardo Muti, Ormandy's successor, also made his commercial recordings with the orchestra elsewhere. Ward formed a group with several other local singers, and toured widely throughout the decade; the Clara Ward Singers were known for bringing a sense of style and glamour to the emerging gospel music industry. The city has a thriving jazz radio station in WRTI, sponsored by Temple University. [14] Consequently, the "Philadelphia Sound" of the Philadelphia Orchestra was, at least in part, the result of long-term efforts by Stokowski, later sustained by Eugene Ormandy, to compensate for this weakness. CTO Music Artists is a full service, experienced event production and entertainment company headquartered in Philadelphia, PA and Naples, FL that has produced the best Philadelphia wedding bands, DJs, strings and musicians for nearly thirty years. [1] Philadelphia's diverse population has also given it a reputation for styles ranging from dancehall to Irish traditional music, as well as a thriving classical and folk music scene. An important concert was held in Philadelphia in the mid-19th century, one of the first major concerts in the country led by a chorus, in this case from the College of Philadelphia. In 1903, however, Pope Pius X issued an edict (Motu Proprio), which was intended to reform and restore church music to a more traditional style. [15] Of the colonial hymnbooks in English, the largest and most significant was Urania, or A Choice Collection of Psalm-Tunes, Anthems, and Hymns, compiled by James Lyon (Philadelphia, 1761). [5], The hall was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.[3][6]. Philadelphia's first major contribution to mainstream American pop music was the television show American Bandstand, hosted by Dick Clark. Philadelphia's musical institutions have long played an important role in the music of Pennsylvania, as well as a nationwide impact, especially in the early development of hip hop music. When installed, the chandelier contained 240 gas jets, which were converted to electricity in 1900, and rewired in 1957. Established in 1857, the Academy is the longest continuously operating opera house in the United States that is still being used for its original purpose. Tue, Mar 09 Winter 2021 Virtual Music Programs. Music. Curtis. The Dixie Hummingbirds are also one of Philadelphia's most famous International Quartet Groups, who are still performing today. For other structures with similar names, see, Tom Di Nardo, "Happy birthday: Academy of Music to celebrate 150 lavish years. [12] [1] It was intended by the architects that sound penetrating the "elastic floor" would reverberate in this chamber and emerge into the auditorium. .[23]. Chase, pgs. Atop the proscenium is a bas-relief bust of Mozart. 3 in D Major, BWV 1068: II. 44 - 45, Unterberger, pg. The Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur and the Sisters of the Holy Child published several collections of hymns, some of which were later included in St. "There's just a lot of momentum and joy and celebration," says Executive Director Ryan Fleur. Philadelphia became home to a large community of Irish immigrants in the 1840s, and then continually through the later 19th and 20th centuries. After the ban was lifted, Philadelphia became one of the nation's main theatrical centers. By the early 1980s, Philadelphia soul had declined greatly in popularity. The city's most historically important contribution to popular music since the 1980s was a major part in the early evolution of East Coast hip hop, a style based out of New York City. It is also host to major touring artists from all genres of music and is Philadelphia's main venue for popular entertainers. Taylor and Carr also worked at the New Theatre which was the most splendid theatre in the United States in its day. Some have found the Academy's sound problematic for orchestra: "The Academy of Music in Philadelphia is a beautiful, historic, charming building with wholly unsuitable acoustics for orchestra...The dry, unreverberant acoustics results from the roughly 2,900 audience members, who completely surround the volume of the auditorium, soaking up sound as they sit."[12]. [11] There are also a number of different summer concert series and ethnic festivals held at Penn's Landing, including the Smooth Jazz Summer Nights Series in August. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on June 18, 1855, with President Franklin Pierce in attendance and the venue opened with a grand ball on January 26, 1857. Clark, as the show's host, became a leading American music producer and the show brought attention to Philadelphia's music scene, facilitating the rise of local labels like Swan Records, Cameo-Parkway and Chancellor Records. At the time The New York Times described the theater as "magnificently gorgeous, brilliantly lighted, solidly constructed, finely located, beautifully ornamented" but went on to lament "all that lacks is a few singers to render it 'the thing'. The interior might be considered an early example of American Baroque Revival architecture. The New American Company, founded in 1792 by Reinagle and Thomas Wignell, recruited a large number of singers and composers from England. [32] And home grown, 20th and Columbia Ave's own, trumpeter Cullen Knight, Jr. Our program provides in-person services throughout the Philadelphia region, and our virtual learning program works with schools throughout the country. The Philadelphia Orchestra presents FREE online concerts recorded at Black-owned businesses and iconic cultural locations. A number of German Pietists settled in the Philadelphia area in 1694, led by Johannes Kelpius. [10] This was part of the almost $12 million (USD) in donations raised at the 150th anniversary concert for the Academy of Music.[11]. This system produced pop stars including Fabian, Bobby Rydell and Frankie Avalon. The Catholic Church of Philadelphia established important institutions of musical education in the early 19th century, with the foundation a singing school and boys choir. Subscription concerts featuring a chamber orchestra were initiated in that year, including music by contemporary English, Italian, German and Bohemian composers, largely through the efforts of Governor John Penn and Francis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and amateur composer and performer. The original front stage curtain was a painted representation of draped crimson fabric with heavy golden fringe, ropes, tassels, etc. In more recent years, the city's large Jamaican population has caused the spread of dancehall and reggae clubs to dominate a large part of Philadelphia's nightlife. The Philadelphia Chamber Music Society, established in 1986, brings prominent chamber groups and soloists to the city. Of the three earlier companies, only one lasted beyond one season; a company founded in 1926 which later became associated with the Curtis Institute of Music in 1929. [18] In 1784 Andrew Adgate organized the Institution for the Encouragement of Church Music, renamed the Uranian Academy (1787–1800). Lorain Metropolitan Housing Authority (LMHA) is committed to providing safe, decent, & affordable housing for the residents of Lorain County. These Pietists lived along the banks of the Wissahickon Creek, and became known as the Hermits (or Mystics) of the Wissahickon. 70 Unterberger calls Clark "raucous", and refers to "Dry Your Eyes" as "indicative of Philly soul's future directions with its string arrangement", "Hymns, Hymnals, Composers and Choir Schools: Philadelphia's Historic Contributions to Catholic Liturgical Music", "Mann Center for the Performing Arts — Visit Philadelphia —", "Philadelphia's Historic Contributions to Catholic Liturgical Music", "The Orpheus Club of Philadelphia - The Oldest Men's Chorus in the Country", "Philadelphia Orchestra (Symphony Orchestra) - Short History", "The last papal visit to Philadelphia: John Paul II in 1979", "|Sustainability, Sustainable Cities, Urban Life", http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-ebonys-mn0000145920, Historical Notes on Philadelphia African American composers, The Goats on Philadelphia Weekly's "100 Best Philly Albums of All Time". Philadelphia has a wide variety of performance venues for music. Stokowski jointly held the conductor's post with Eugene Ormandy beginning in 1936, with Ormandy taking over completely in 1938. The effect was a "funky" style, "more removed from earlier soul's R&B and blues roots", and "reminiscent of Motown in its attention to detail and hooks, but was much more lightweight". 77–78 Chase calls Philadelphia "the leading cultural center" of the post-Revolutionary War United States. [28] In Philadelphia, this revival of traditional music built on the work of earlier pioneers like Ed Reavy, a composer who began working in the 1930s. The reverberation time has been measured at 1.4 seconds compared to 1.2 at La Scala, Milan, and 1.75 at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Philadelphia became an important center for music in North America during the colonial era and late 18th century. [28], Albert Rosewig had become a prominent local reverend and musical arranger in the late 19th century, known for a modern style that adapted elements of Western classical music. The hall currently has a seating capacity of 2,389 which can be expanded to 2,509 when seats are placed in the orchestra pit and proscenium boxes. At the very center of Philadelphia's musical life, the Academy is home to many internationally recognized performance ensembles, including the Philly Pops, the Pennsylvania Ballet and the Opera Company of Philadelphia. Online; Wed, Mar 10 Winter 2021 Virtual Music Programs. The 90s indie rock scene found greater national popularity through the bands Dead Milkmen and Zen Guerilla,[25] The Dead Milkmen would go on to lead the charge in a satire punk era on MTV during the late 80's, while the city also produced an electronic music scene, known for acts like Dieselboy and Josh Wink. Music. The city's most senior venue is the famed Academy of Music. Philadelphia's Academy of Music, the "Grand Old Lady of Broad Street," was founded in 1855. The earliest known performance of a musical drama in Philadelphia was Colley Cibber’s Flora, or Hob in the Well, a ballad opera performed by a touring opera company from England in 1754. LEARN MORE The Academy of Music held an inaugural ball on January 26, 1857. The International Eucharistic Congress was held in Philadelphia in 1976, commissioning a new hymn entitled, "Gift of Finest Wheat", whose use has become widespread. [4] Known as the "Grand Old Lady of Locust Street," the venue is the home of the Pennsylvania Ballet and Opera Philadelphia. She wrote the librettos for two of Reinagle's compositions, and was a successful poet, guitarist, singer, playwright and actress. [12] Not too far from the city is the annual Concerts Under the Stars summer festival in Upper Merrion township. While non-religious music was actively performed in homes and in private social clubs during the early colonial period, public performances of non-religious music did not occur until the 1750s. Having emigrated to Philadelphia in 1973, Moloney has lectured widely on Irish culture and music and founded the organization Green Fields of America, which promotes Irish-American music. The original seating on the Parquet and first balcony had arms and upholstery with springs and a covering of dark red plush fabric. Philadelphia is home to the sixth-largest Jamaican population of any city in the United States. https://bit.ly/3l3yzDc00:00:00 - Overture (Suite) No. In partnership with Warner Chappell Music, The Sound of Philadelphia will explore the label’s greatest hits from artists including The Jacksons, Patti LaBelle, the O’Jays, and more. Clubs like Upper Deck, Genesis, Pinnacle and Reef have been mainstays of the Philadelphia dancehall scene. The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is home to a vibrant and well-documented musical heritage, stretching back to colonial times. In the 1880s, the ceiling was enriched with additional painted decorations placed around the original murals. [9], A local and highly respected musical novelty is the Wanamaker Organ, located in the Center City Macy's department store at 1300 Market. Egan is a multi-instrumentalist originally from Philadelphia, though he moved back to County Mayo as a young man, and has there become a prominent musician. 67 "Unscathed" is from Unterberger, Unterberger, pg. The Jazz on the Ave Music Festival (since 2006) typically takes place in mid August on Broad Street and Cecil B. Moore Avenue featuring Jazz, Soul, Gospel and R&B, as well as some contemporary urban music.

Top Selling Vinyl Records This Week, Cape Coral High School Football Coach, Cnesst Statement Of Wages, Places To Go In Pennsylvania In The Fall, Book Of Centuries, Who Is The Current Earl Of Antrim, Varför Blir Man Psykopat,

Leave a comment